If you are unfamiliar with the history of humanity presented in The Urantia Book and are willing to dedicate some time, you may want to start by reviewing Genetic Introductions, Mutations, and Evolution: a Urantia Book perspective. After a brief cultural/moral/ethical review, it presents a Urantia Book based taxonomy.
The short version is that the human genetic mutation occurred 1,000,000 years ago, which is termed Andonite. The mutation did not produce sufficient intelligence for civilization to develop, only sufficient for some of the best individuals to have a spiritual (more than animal level of) experience. Another mutation occurred 500,000 years ago near Afghanistan, giving rise to six colored races. To greater and lesser degrees, all of these races possessed sufficient intelligence for the development of civilization. Advantageous genetic develops occurred around 200,000 years ago and 37,000 years ago that do not summarize easily. But suffice it to say, these relate to the Nodites (Land of Nod) and Adamites (Adam and Eve), respectively, and the original Adamite genetics were considerably superior to the original Nodite genetics. Importantly, Adamite genetics contributed lighter colored hair (blond, red, and brown) and are the foundation for caucasoid morphology. The mix of Nodite and Adamite is termed Andite. Nodite relates to our poorly preserved records of the Nephilim, who, during the times of Adam, had a cultural centers in the Land of Nod (Mesopotamia/Sumeria).
Efforts on this topic were originally published as the UBtheNEWS: Early Migration to the Americas Report. This page is an effort to integrate that report into a broader study. This is still a work-in-progress.
Table of Contents
85,000 Years Ago, Bering Strait Land Bridge
aaaaRed Man Eventually Migrates to North America
aaaaMixed Races Continue to South America
12,000 Years Ago, Boat Trip to South American
aaaaAndite Ancestors of the Incas
5,ooo Years Ago, North American Mixture
aaaaRed Man Meets Eskimos
1,000 Years Ago, Vikings
aaaaVikings Reach Newfoundland
85,000 Years Ago, Bering Strait Land Bridge
Red Man Eventually Migrates to North America
(64:6.24) The European researches and explorations of the Old Stone Age have largely to do with unearthing the tools, bones, and artcraft of these ancient blue men, for they persisted in Europe until recent times. The so-called white races of Urantia are the descendants of these blue men as they were first modified by slight mixture with yellow and red, and as they were later greatly upstepped by assimilating the greater portion of the violet race.
(78:3.5) As the period of the early Adamic migrations ended, about 15,000 B.C., there were already more descendants of Adam in Europe and central Asia than anywhere else in the world, even than in Mesopotamia. The European blue races had been largely infiltrated. The lands now called Russia and Turkestan were occupied throughout their southern stretches by a great reservoir of the Adamites mixed with Nodites, Andonites, and red and yellow Sangiks. Southern Europe and the Mediterranean fringe were occupied by a mixed race of Andonite and Sangik peoples—orange, green, and indigo—with a sprinkling of the Adamite stock. Asia Minor and the central-eastern European lands were held by tribes that were predominantly Andonite.
(79:5.1) While the story of India is that of Andite conquest and eventual submergence in the older evolutionary peoples, the narrative of eastern Asia is more properly that of the primary Sangiks, particularly the red man and the yellow man. These two races largely escaped that admixture with the debased Neanderthal strain which so greatly retarded the blue man in Europe, thus preserving the superior potential of the primary Sangik type.
(64:7.4) The red men early began to migrate to the northeast, on the heels of the retreating ice, passing around the highlands of India and occupying all of northeastern Asia. They were closely followed by the yellow tribes, who subsequently drove them out of Asia into North America.
(64:6.5) About eighty-five thousand years ago the comparatively pure remnants of the red race went en masse across to North America, and shortly thereafter the Bering land isthmus sank, thus isolating them. No red man ever returned to Asia. But throughout Siberia, China, central Asia, India, and Europe they left behind much of their stock blended with the other colored races.
(64:6.9) After crossing over to America from China, the northern red man never again came in contact with other world influences (except the Eskimo) until he was later discovered by the white man. It was most unfortunate that the red man almost completely missed his opportunity of being upstepped by the admixture of the later Adamic stock. As it was, the red man could not rule the white man, and he would not willingly serve him. In such a circumstance, if the two races do not blend, one or the other is doomed.
(64:7.5) When the relatively pure-line remnants of the red race forsook Asia, there were eleven tribes, and they numbered a little over seven thousand men, women, and children.
Related Research
In 2021 Smithsonian Magazine published research on DNA from fossils in Europe that have Native American markers consistent with Urantia Book teachings about the red man migrations.
The Seven Ages team enjoyed a tour of the Topper site in Georgia, led by lead research Albert Goodyear. Continued academic efforts in this area beyond those done by Goodyear, provide additional support for his work. The link to the article by Micah Hanks has a link to the video. Excerpt for August 2018, Seven Ages article:
“[S]ome of the lithic artifacts recovered from even deeper strata at Topper could date as far back as 50,000 years, according to some estimates.
“Such artifacts have been met with criticism. Among the notable opponents to the idea of 50,000-year-old artifacts anywhere in North America, let alone in South Carolina at a site like Topper, had been Michael B. Collins of Texas State University. However, mounting evidence in recent years has continued to push back the timescales on the earliest human occupations in North America; among the latest was the aforementioned paper in Science Advances earlier this year which discussed evidence for early human projectile manufacture at the Gault site in Texas going back as much as 20,000 years (ironically, this paper lists Collins as a co-author).
“In light of such discoveries, perhaps Topper’s earlier legacy cannot be ruled out after all. Newer studies have continued in relation to the “Topper assemblage” as well; among the most recent had been the 2015 doctoral dissertation written by Tennessee graduate student Douglas Sain, whose work was discussed by J.M. Adovasio and David Pedler in their 2016 book, Strangers in a New Land: What Archaeology Reveals About the First Americans.
“Adovasio writes:
“Sain has concluded that the pre-Clovis Topper Assemblage artifacts are indeed genuine, and that a small sample of the tools show microscopic evidence of human use in the form of edge polish (the smoothing of sharp edges via repetitive action), striadons (fracture lines resulting from contact with another object), residue (plant or animal material adhering to the artifact), and edge damage (chipping of the artifact’s edge through use). His research has also concluded that the Topper Assemblage artifacts are indeed in situ, and hence did not migrate downward into the deposit from overlying archaeological levels. It remains to be seen what the professional archaeological community will make of Sain’s findings, but if the Topper Assemblage finds widespread acceptance a radical reworking of our understanding of pre-Clovis stone technology will be in order.””
In January 2017, the scientific journal Plos One published an article titled: Earliest Human Presence in North America Dated to the Last Glacial Maximum: New Radiocarbon Dates from Bluefish Caves, Canada. Abstract:
“The timing of the first entry of humans into North America is still hotly debated within the scientific community. Excavations conducted at Bluefish Caves (Yukon Territory) from 1977 to 1987 yielded a series of radiocarbon dates that led archaeologists to propose that the initial dispersal of human groups into Eastern Beringia (Alaska and the Yukon Territory) occurred during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). This hypothesis proved highly controversial in the absence of other sites of similar age and concerns about the stratigraphy and anthropogenic signature of the bone assemblages that yielded the dates. The weight of the available archaeological evidence suggests that the first peopling of North America occurred ca. 14,000 cal BP (calibrated years Before Present), i.e., well after the LGM. Here, we report new AMS radiocarbon dates obtained on cut-marked bone samples identified during a comprehensive taphonomic analysis of the Bluefish Caves fauna. Our results demonstrate that humans occupied the site as early as 24,000 cal BP (19,650 ± 130 14C BP). In addition to proving that Bluefish Caves is the oldest known archaeological site in North America, the results offer archaeological support for the “Beringian standstill hypothesis”, which proposes that a genetically isolated human population persisted in Beringia during the LGM and dispersed from there to North and South America during the post-LGM period.”
Excerpt for July 2020 Oxford study:
“It was popularly believed people arrived in the Americas around 13,000 years ago but, this new research shows people entered the continent much earlier – over 30,000 years ago.
“The Oxford team, including Professor Tom Higham and Dr Lorena Becerra-Valdivia used a powerful statistical approach to build a detailed chronological framework for the arrival and dispersal of humans into North America.”
This report by anthropologist James Jacobs addresses the issues related to evidence supporting a pre-Clovis habitation of the Americas. It is especially noteworthy for this chart, cataloging research sites throughout the Americas.
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Mixed Races Continue to South America
(64:7.5) When the relatively pure-line remnants of the red race forsook Asia, there were eleven tribes, and they numbered a little over seven thousand men, women, and children. These tribes were accompanied by three small groups of mixed ancestry, the largest of these being a combination of the orange and blue races. These three groups never fully fraternized with the red man and early journeyed southward to Mexico and Central America, where they were later joined by a small group of mixed yellows and reds. These peoples all intermarried and founded a new and amalgamated race, one which was much less warlike than the pure-line red men. Within five thousand years this amalgamated race broke up into three groups, establishing the civilizations respectively of Mexico, Central America, and South America. The South American offshoot did receive a faint touch of the blood of Adam.
Related Research
From Nature, July 2020, this article reviews evidence at the Chiquihuite Cave in Mexic0:
“The initial colonization of the Americas remains a highly debated topic, and the exact timing of the first arrivals is unknown. The earliest archaeological record of Mexico—which holds a key geographical position in the Americas—is poorly known and understudied. Historically, the region has remained on the periphery of research focused on the first American populations. However, recent investigations provide reliable evidence of a human presence in the northwest region of Mexico, the Chiapas Highlands, Central Mexico and the Caribbean coast during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene epochs. Here we present results of recent excavations at Chiquihuite Cave—a high-altitude site in central-northern Mexico—that corroborate previous findings in the Americas of cultural evidence that dates to the Last Glacial Maximum (26,500–19,000 years ago), and which push back dates for human dispersal to the region possibly as early as 33,000–31,000 years ago. The site yielded about 1,900 stone artefacts within a 3-m-deep stratified sequence, revealing a previously unknown lithic industry that underwent only minor changes over millennia. More than 50 radiocarbon and luminescence dates provide chronological control, and genetic, palaeoenvironmental and chemical data document the changing environments in which the occupants lived. Our results provide new evidence for the antiquity of humans in the Americas, illustrate the cultural diversity of the earliest dispersal groups (which predate those of the Clovis culture) and open new directions of research.”
In November 2015, Vanderbilt University published an article by Liz Entman, titled: New clues emerge about the earliest known Americans. Excerpt:
“In 2013, at the request of Chile’s National Council of Monuments, Dillehay and an international team of archaeologists, geologists and botanists performed an archaeological and geological survey of Monte Verde to better define the depth and breadth of the site, which is protected by the Chilean government. …
“The team recovered a total of 39 stone objects and 12 small fire pits associated with bones and some edible plant remains, including nuts and grasses. The bones tended to be small fragments, broken and scorched, indicating that the animals had been cooked. They often came from very large animals, like prehistoric llamas or mastodons, as well as smaller creatures like prehistoric deer and horses. The Monte Verde site was unlikely to have been able to support the kind of vegetation that those animals needed to eat, so they were likely killed and butchered elsewhere. The objects were radiocarbon dated and most were found to range in age from more than 14,000 to almost 19,000 years old.”
This report by anthropologist James Jacobs addresses the issues related to evidence supporting a pre-Clovis habitation of the Americas. It is especially noteworthy for the chart above, cataloging research sites throughout the Americas.
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12,000 Years Ago, Boat Trip to South American
Andite Ancestors of the Incas
(78:5.1) For twenty thousand years the culture of the second garden persisted, but it experienced a steady decline until about 15,000 B.C., when the regeneration of the Sethite priesthood and the leadership of Amosad inaugurated a brilliant era. The massive waves of civilization which later spread over Eurasia immediately followed the great renaissance of the Garden consequent upon the extensive union of the Adamites with the surrounding mixed Nodites to form the Andites.
(78:5.4) By 12,000 B.C. three quarters of the Andite stock of the world was resident in northern and eastern Europe, and when the later and final exodus from Mesopotamia took place, sixty-five per cent of these last waves of emigration entered Europe.
(78:5.7) One hundred and thirty-two of this race, embarking in a fleet of small boats from Japan, eventually reached South America and by intermarriage with the natives of the Andes established the ancestry of the later rulers of the Incas. They crossed the Pacific by easy stages, tarrying on the many islands they found along the way. The islands of the Polynesian group were both more numerous and larger then than now, and these Andite sailors, together with some who followed them, biologically modified the native groups in transit. Many flourishing centers of civilization grew up on these now submerged lands as a result of Andite penetration. Easter Island was long a religious and administrative center of one of these lost groups. But of the Andites who navigated the Pacific of long ago none but the one hundred and thirty-two ever reached the mainland of the Americas.
(78:5.8) The migratory conquests of the Andites continued on down to their final dispersions, from 8000 to 6000 B.C. As they poured out of Mesopotamia, they continuously depleted the biologic reserves of their homelands while markedly strengthening the surrounding peoples. And to every nation to which they journeyed, they contributed humor, art, adventure, music, and manufacture. They were skillful domesticators of animals and expert agriculturists.
Anonymous Contributor
Your editor gets a notable amount of quality materials and related conversation from someone who wants to remain anonymous. A cache of research relating to Andite migrations through Easter Island to South America was passed along to me in March of 2022. For now, it is presented with respect to the origin of the research, subdivided into general categories.
Early White Inhabitants of Easter Island
This link provides a ship’s log by Jacob Roggeveen from 1722, documenting the presence of caucasoid morphology (Andites) on Easter Island. See Section 10:
“These people have well proportioned limbs, with large and strong muscles; they are big in stature, and their natural hue is not black, but pale yellow or sallowish, as we saw in the case of many of the lads, either because they had not painted1 their bodies with dark blue, or because they were of superior rank and had consequently no need to labour in the field.”
It is followed by the log Sergeant-Major Carl Friederich Behrens, which has these entries:
“We thereupon got ready to effect a landing, but just then our former visitor came on board together with many others of his people, bringing us a quantity of dressed fowls and roots. One amongst these was an entirely white man, who was wearing white chocks of wood in his ears as large as one’s fist, and bore a very devout appearance, so that we took him to be an idol priest.” “As for their complexion they are brownish, about the hue of a Spaniard, yet one finds some among them of a darker shade and others quite white, and no less also a few of a reddish tint as if somewhat severely tanned by the sun.”
This Journal of the Polynesian Society article from 1977 states:
“Although the observations of many of the early visitors to Polynesia lack scientific stringency, there is no doubt that there existed, at the time of the discovery, a certain number of individuals with fair skin, reddish-brown hair and (to a lesser extent) blue eyes. Jean Poirier has, for instance, published an excellent survey of the available data (not used by Langdon), showing that genuinely blond individuals were found, at the time of the first European discovery, not only in Polynesia proper, but also in the Outliers and in Indonesia.”
Here is the reply by the author of the book being reviewed in the article above.
See also: Pakomio Maori: red-haired, blue-eyed key to Easter Island’s prehistoric past by Robert Langdon, Australian National University.
Similarities between South American architecture and other ancient megalithic sites
These documentaries are examples of the work being done by Foerster and Sibson, who are listed in the “Other non UB Scholars” section of the study aids. See their catalogs on YouTube for more related material:
This video by Brien Foerster provides footage of walls on Easter Island with sophisticated no-gap construction, similar to the ones found in Peru, which have pre-Inca indicators.
Ancient Architecture (Matt Sibson) video, Geopolymer or Natural Rock? The Geological Truth of Sacsayhuaman, Peru, explores whether the tight fit and bulging sides of megalithic walls are a form of ancient concrete in some cases.
Making sea voyages in ancient times
The last sentences on the Wikipedia Reed Boat page state: “Reed boats were also constructed using totora reeds on Easter Island. Intriguingly, the design of these boats closely matches the design used in Peru.”
The footnote for the above statement references a 1974 report in Botanical Society of America.
See this link to Atlantisbolivia.org to learn more about the history of reed boats and their construction.
This 2004 report, “Scientific Evidence for Pre-Columbian Transoceanic Voyages” by John L. Sorenson and Carl L. Johannessen, (Victor Mair, Editor, published as part of the Sino-Platonic Papers, Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania), extensively reviews botanical considerations.
This 1997 report from the Journal of the Oriental Institute, “On the Dravidian Axis 27N – 27S (Mohenjo Daro – Easter Island)” by Benon Zb. Szalek, reviews cultural similarities and travel possibilities but does not consider as far back as the Andites are said to have made their voyage.
Related Genetics Research
See Genetiker article from 2014 about the Caucasoid genetic markers and other European characteristics of the Chachapoya people of Peru. The Wikipedia: Chachapoya culture page illustrates the reporting bias that this topic suffers.
Phys.org reports on a 2021 paper published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The paper documents Australasian genetic markers that are also in South and Central American natives but not North American natives.
See Cosmosmagazine.com’s January 2020 article or the original research report regarding a diverse set of skulls found in Mexico, dating from 13,000 to 9,000 years ago.
Related Anthropological and Archeological Research
Documentary video: Amazing Pre Inca Megalithic Aspects Of Machu Picchu by Brien Foerster. It highlights the differences between pre-Inca and Inca construction at Machu Picchu.
This 2011 ScienceDaily article references a report in Currant Anthropology, which says that radiocarbon dating shows textiles found a Peruvian cave to be 12,000 years old. This AAAS article covers the same development.
See 2015 documentary New Zealand Skeletons in the Cupboard: The Red Heads.
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5,ooo Years Ago, North American Mixture
Red man meets Eskimos
(64:7.19) About five thousand years ago a chance meeting occurred between an Indian tribe and a lone Eskimo group on the southeastern shores of Hudson Bay. These two tribes found it difficult to communicate with each other, but very soon they intermarried with the result that these Eskimos were eventually absorbed by the more numerous red men. And this represents the only contact of the North American red man with any other human stock down to about one thousand years ago, when the white man first chanced to land on the Atlantic coast.
Related Research
These next two research articles indicate genetic research is now generally supportive of the paragraph above from The Urantia Book, excepting for the belief that the Eskimos came from the west rather than from England through Greenland.
The Nanuvik Inuit are from the southeastern shores of the Hudson Bay. In August 2019, PNAS published a research article, titled: Genetic architecture and adaptations of Nunavik Inuit. Excerpts:
“In this study, we generated whole-exome sequences and genomewide genotypes for 170 Nunavik Inuit, a small and isolated founder population of Canadian Arctic indigenous people. Our study revealed the genetic background of Nunavik Inuit to be distinct from any known present-day population. The majority of Nunavik Inuit show little evidence of gene flow from European or present-day Native American peoples, and Inuit living around Hudson Bay are genetically distinct from those around Ungava Bay. We also inferred that Nunavik Inuit have a small effective population size of 3,000 and likely split from Greenlandic Inuit ∼10.5 kya. Nunavik Inuit went through a bottleneck at approximately the same time and might have admixed with a population related to the Paleo-Eskimos. …
“The settlement of the Arctic took place over a period of ∼6,000 y, and the present-day Nunavik Inuit of Canada are the descendants of genetically distinct waves of early settlers. Many believed the occupation of this territory started with the early Paleo-Eskimos, who subsequently were replaced by the Dorset culture and the Thule people, the latter becoming the ancestors of all modern Inuit.”
In August 2014, Science published a research article, titled: The genetic prehistory of the New World Arctic. The conclusion reads:
“Our study has a number of important implications: Paleo-Eskimos likely represent a single migration pulse into the Americas from Siberia, separate from the ones giving rise to the Inuit and other Native Americans, including Athabascan speakers. Paleo-Eskimos, despite showing cultural differences across time and space, constituted a single population displaying genetic continuity for more than 4000 years. On the contrary, the Thule people, ancestors of contemporary Inuit, represent a population replacement of the Paleo-Eskimos that occurred less than 700 years ago. The long-term genetic continuity of the Paleo-Eskimo gene pool and lack of evidence of Native American admixture suggest that the Saqqaq and Dorset people were largely living in genetic isolation after entering the New World. Thus, the Paleo-Eskimo technological innovations and changes through time, as evident from the archaeological record, seem to have occurred solely by movement of ideas within a single resident population. This suggests that cultural similarities and differences are not solid proxies for population movements and migrations into new and dramatically different environments, as is often assumed.”
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1,000 Years Ago, White Race Arrival
Vikings Reach Newfoundland
UBtheNEWS Vikings Report (January 2008, updated August 2021)
Regarding when the Vikings first made it to the North American continent, The Urantia Book states that the red man in North America:
(79:5.7) . . . remained almost completely isolated from the remainder of the world from their arrival in the Americas down to the end of the first millennium of the Christian era, when they were discovered by the white races of Europe. Up to that time the Eskimos were the nearest to white men the northern tribes of red men had ever seen.
When it was published in 1955, this was a contested issue because there were no artifacts or other physical evidence to substantiate the arrival of Vikings that long ago. At that time, the predominant perspective was that Columbus made the first successful voyage to the American continent in 1492 A.D. There was not much evidence to support the theory (before it was proven in the 1960’s) that the Vikings settled in Canada. The written records, referred to as sagas, were not created until after the story of the Vikings arrival and settlement in North America had been passed down by oral tradition for several hundred years. A Newfoundland educator, Jim Cornish, put together a report on this topic, which states:
“Despite many years of searching the coastline from New England to Labrador, no evidence of a Viking settlement or any Norse artifact was ever found. Consequently, some historians doubted the sagas were true. They began to believe the thirteenth century writers had exaggerated the tales of Viking exploration and discovery.”
A small minority of scholars held the position, based on writings (sagas) from around 1300 A.D., that Vikings landed in North America around 1000 A.D. When a Viking settlement was excavated at L’Anse Aux Meadows in Newfoundland, Canada in the 1960’s, the issue was finally put to rest. There is now extensive archeological evidence from numerous sites that prove the Vikings arrived in North America around 1000 A.D and were in contact with the people living there. (See Wikipedia: L’anse Aux Meadows for a review of this discovery.)
However, there was also a minority opinion, asserting that Leif Eriksson and crew arrived by boat around 1000 A.D and established a settlement. Vikings are also known as Norsemen, which means “people of the North,” and were primarily from south and central Scandinavia. Wikipedia’s page on Norsemen states:
“The Norse Scandinavians established polities and settlements in what are now Great Britain (England, Scotland, Wales), Ireland, Iceland, Russia, Belarus, France, Sicily, Belgium, Ukraine, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Germany, Poland, Greenland, Canada, and the Faroe Islands.”